STATE OF NEBRASKA 


Employment and Certification 
of Teachers 


COMPLETE RULES 

1911 


STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 







» 
















STATE OF NEBRASKA 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 

LINCOLN 


HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS 

J. W. CRABTREE, A. M.Superintendent 

JAS. E. DELZELL, B. Ed.Deputy 

G. A. GREGORY, B. S. 

.Normal Training Inspector 

C. M. PENNEY, A. B.Examiner 

ANNA V. DAY, L. Ct.. 

.Assistant Superintendent 

JENNIE B. ADAMS, B. S.Head Secretary 

Assistants 

EFFIE A DENHAM 

HELEN G. MATHEWSON 
DORIS M. GOETHE 
MINNIE MORRELL 

ANNA O’DONNELL 

RUTH E. WHEELER 


BOARD OF INSPECTORS FOR NORMAL 
SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 


E. J. BODWELL, B. S.Beatrice 

A. H. WATERHOUSE, A. M.Fremont 

A. E. FISHER, A. B.Aurora 

BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR STATE 
CERTIFICATES 

A. L. CAVINESS, Ph. B.Fairbury 

ELIZABETH BETTCHER, B. E.McCook 

ALICE FLORER, B. Ped.York 















STATE OF NEBRASKA 


Employment and Certification 
of Teachers 


COMPLETE RULES 
1911 


J. W. CRABTREE, A. M. 

State Superintendent of Public Instruction 
LINCOLN, NEBRASKA 





> w 



SPECIAL MENTION 


BOARD OF EXAMINERS 


. L. Caviness, Chairman_Fairbury 

LIZABETH BeTTCHER _McCook 

lice Florer_ York 


Committee of School of Superintendence 


W. A. Clark _Kearney 

W. L. Stephens _Lincoln 

Chas. F. Fordyce _Lincoln 

C. L. Fulmer _University Place 

Edith Lathrop _Clay Center 

W. A. Yoder _Omaha 

Chas. Arnot __Schuyler 

A. H. Staley _Superior 















PREFACE 

This little book is published for the informa¬ 
tion of district school boards, county superin¬ 
tendents, boards of education, city superin¬ 
tendents, and teachers generally. It should be 
carefully preserved for future use, as it super¬ 
sedes all former publications on the issuing of 
teacher's’ certificates. 

Nebraska has recently added to her many 
excellent school laws a new and progressive 
measure on certification of teachers in city 
schools. It is intended to bring about uniform¬ 
ity in city certificates, to eliminate improper 
influences in the selection of teachers and to 
furnish an incentive to higher professional at¬ 
tainment by providing an easy and natural 
gradation in certificates from the lowest to the 
highest. 

The progressive teacher ought to be protect¬ 
ed by reasonable standards, and school boards 
should be furnished with reliable information 
on the face of the certificate as to the fitness 
of the teacher for the particular position. 

The state department desires to express sin- 


cere appreciation to the many city and county 
'superintendents and other educators who have 
aided in working out this scheme of certifica¬ 
tion, by means of suggestions and criticism; 
to the committee appointed by the University 
School of Superintendence whose names are 
given on another page for expert and valuable 
suggestion and for final approval of the com¬ 
pleted plan; and to the state board of Examin¬ 
ers for the able manner in which it has 
handled the many problems encountered from 
the outset; and to the chairman of this com¬ 
mittee to whom all are greatly indebted for the 
logic and thoroughness of the outline and the 
well balanced system of the whole scheme. 
May we not look upon this bulletin as a very 
valuable state paper. 

Very sincerely yours, 

J. W. CRABTREE. 

Lincoln, Nebraska, 

August 15, 1911. 


Qualified Teachere 


EMPLOYMENT OF TEACHERS 


I. QUALIFIED TEACHERS. 

(a) In general: No person shall be accounted 
a qualified teacher, within the meaning of the 
law, who has not a certificate in force. School 
Laws, Sec. 1, Subd. IX. 

A school board cannot make a contract that 
will bind the district with a teacher who does 
not hold a valid certificate, and members of 
the board will be personally liable to the dis¬ 
trict for money paid to a teacher who is not 
legally qualified. 13 Neb. 52. 

(b) . In high school districts (Subd. V.): No 
person shall be granted a certificate to teach 
in the high school department of any high 
school district who is not a graduate from a 
regular four year course of a college or univer¬ 
sity or a graduate of the advanced course of a 
standard normal school, or who does not hold 
a professional state certificate obtained from 
the state superintendent on examination. See 
School Laws, Sec. 17, Subd. IXa. 

No person shall be eligible to teach in the 
grades below the high school department in 
any high school district who does not hold at 
least a county second grade certificate or the 
equivalent. See School Laws, Sec. 17, Subd. 
IXa. 


9 



Election of Teachers 


(c) In cities (Subd. XIV): No person shall 
be elected to a position in any city school as 
teacher, principal, supervisor, or superinten¬ 
dent who does not hold the legal city certifi¬ 
cate entitling him to teach in the grades or 
subjects to which elected. School Laws, Sec. 
19, Subd. IX. 

II. ELECTION OF TEACHERS. 

Superintendent: The board of education may 
at any regular meeting elect one superinten¬ 
dent of public instruction, at such salary as 
the board may deem best, and they may enter 
into contract with him for a term of not to ex¬ 
ceed three years. 

Teachers: The election of superintendent 
and teachers shall be by ballot, and no person 
shall be declared elected except he receive the 
vote of a majority of all members of the 
board. See School Laws, Sec. 8, Subd. XIV. 

Not© 1: It is held that the board of edu¬ 
cation is a continuous body and may elect 
teachers at any time. It is urged that they 
do this not later each year than the regular 
meeting in May. 

Note 2: It is held that no teacher, princi¬ 
pal, or superintendent can be legally em¬ 
ployed except by a formal election at a 
meeting of the school board. This applies 
to schools in districts organized under Sub¬ 
divisions III and VI as well as XIV. 

Note 3: School officers are urged to make 
the tenure of the teacher’s office more per¬ 
manent. In many states one election is suf¬ 
ficient during satisfactory service, and is 
terminated only by reasonable notice by 
either party. 


10 



Election of Teachers 


III. CONTRACTS WITH TEACHERS. 

(a) Legal contract: A legal contract cannot 
be made with a teacher who is not properly 
qualified. Members of the board should see 
the applicant’s certificate, as it is a necessary 
evidence of qualification. The contract should 
be signed on the part of the district by the 
president and secretary of the board of edu¬ 
cation and by the teacher. It should be made 
out in duplicate and specify the wages per 
month, the length of term, and the duties to be 
performed. However, a contract need not be 
in writing, provided it can be proved that the 
teacher was elected by the board, that he was 
notified of such election and clearly indicated 
his acceptance of it. See Decisions, Sec. 11, 
Subd. IV, School Laws. 

(b) Violation of contract: Either party vio¬ 
lating the provisions of a teacher’s contract 
would be answerable in damages to the ag¬ 
grieved party. In case a teacher breaks a con¬ 
tract the board has a right of action on the 
original contract and may maintain: (1) A suit 
to obtain damages for loss sustained by the 
breach; (2) a suit to obtain specific perform¬ 
ance of the contract by the teacher. Or, if 
the court were to find it difficult to assess 
damages, or should fail to enforce a specific 
performance because it cannot supervise or in¬ 
sure its execution, they could, by injunction, 
enforce the promise not to teach elsewhere 
during the time covered by the injunction 
See Clark on Contract, 702. 


11 



Discharge of Teachers 


IV. DISCHARGE OF TEACHERS. 

(a) By action of the board: A school board 
has the right to discharge a teacher for cause. 
The only course then open to the teacher is 
an action for damages, and the question of 
drawing pay for the full time' of the contract 
would be determined by process of law. See 
Decisions, Sec. 11, Subd. IV, School Laws. 

(b) By revocation of certificate: The revoca¬ 
tion of the certificate shall terminate the em¬ 
ployment of a teacher in the school where he 
or she may be employed. Only the authority 
granting a certificate has the power to revoke 
it and then only for such cause as would have 
required such authority to refuse to grant it 
if known at the time. School Laws, Sec. 13, 
Subd. IXa. 



County Certificates 


CERTIFICATION OF TEACHERS 

REQUIREMENTS FOR COUNTY 
CERTIFICATES 

I. EMERGENCY CERTIFICATE. 

1. In emergencies arising from a scarcity 
of teachers. 

2. Granted by state superintendent on rec¬ 
ommendation of county superintendent. 

3. Good in specified district for a specified 
term of school. 

Holder must attend examinations and write 
on such subjects as county superintendent 
may direct. 

II. THIRD GRADE COUNTY CERTIFICATE. 

1. Valid in county where granted not to ex¬ 
ceed one year. 

2. Based on examination in orthography, 
reading, penmanship, geography, arithmetic, 
physiology and hygiene, English composition, 
English grammar, and United States history. 

3. No normal training or teaching experi¬ 
ence required. 

4. No person is entitled to receive more 
than one third grade. 


13 



County Certificates 


III. SECOND GRADE COUNTY CERTIFI¬ 

CATE. 

1. Valid in county where granted and for 
one or two years. 

2. Based on third grade branches and re¬ 
quires satisfactory grades in civil government, 
bookkeeping, blackboard drawing, theory and 
art of teaching, and elements of agriculture. 

3. Eight weeks’ normal training in college, 
university or normal school, junior normal 
school or Nebraska approved high school, or 
one or more years’ experience. 

IV. FIRST GRADE COUNTY CERTIFICATE. 

1. Valid in county where granted and for 
two or three years. 

2. Based on second grade branches and re¬ 
quires satisfactory grades in algebra, botany, 
geometry, and physics. 

3. Twelve weeks’ normal training in col¬ 
lege, university or normal school, junior nor¬ 
mal school or Nebraska approved high school, 
or one or more years’ successful experience as 
a teacher. 

Note 1: For all credential purposes the 
county first grade and the state second 
grade (elementary) are considered equiva¬ 
lent. County certificates are not valid in 
schools governed by Subd. XIV. 

Note 2: The county superintendents’ tem¬ 
porary permit to teach until the next exam¬ 
ination is not listed as a certificate. See 
last page of this bulletin for form for the 
temporary permit. 


14 



Examination 


ISSUANCE OF COUNTY CERTIFICATES. 

Rules governing the issuance of county cer¬ 
tificates are given under the following heads: 
Examination for Certificates; Reissuing Cer¬ 
tificates; Transferring Certificate Grades; 
Recognition of Credentials for Certificates; 
Validity of Certificates; Pees and Registration. 


EXAMINATION FOR CERTIFICATES. 

1. Examinations shall be held on the third 
Friday and following Saturday of each of the 
months of November, January, March, and 
May; and on the third Friday and the follow¬ 
ing Saturday of other months upon the special 
request of five or more county superintendents, 
provided such request is made at least thirty 
days in advance. There shall be one special 
examination on the last Thursday and follow¬ 
ing Friday of July each year. Other special 
dates may be fixed by the state superintendent. 

Note: By an error in wording, the law 
fixed the third Monday of each month for 
the examination, but this date is hereby in¬ 
definitely suspended by the state superin¬ 
tendent. 

2. Examinations shall be conducted by the 
county superintendent or other person named 
by him at the county seat, and at such other 
places as may seem best to the state superin¬ 
tendent. Institutions authorized by law to 
grant state certificates may also be designated 
to conduct examinations for county certificates, 
and shall report such examinations direct to 
the state department. 


16 



Examination 


3. The packages of questions shall not be 
opened until the day for their use and then in 
the presence of the class at the hour for begin¬ 
ning the examination. 

4. All answers must be written in ink, on 
one side of the paper only, using material sup¬ 
plied by the examiner. The name of the 
county, the date of the examination, the name 
of the subject, and the number of the appli¬ 
cant must appear on each answer sheet. 

5. All written work should be in clear and 
concise language. A complete solution of all 
problems in arithmetic and algebra should be 
submitted. 

6. Answers must be numbered in the mid¬ 
dle of the page to correspond with the ques¬ 
tions. Carelessly written or illegible manu¬ 
scripts should not be handed in as they cannot 
receive full credit. 

7. No applicant shall leave the room or 
communicate with any other applicant, or with 
any visitor, except by permission of the one in 
charge of the examination. 

8. Each applicant must avoid even the ap¬ 
pearance of receiving aid of any kind, as the 
use of any books, notes, memoranda, or helps 
of any description is strictly forbidden. 

9. Collusion or dishonesty on the part of 
any applicant will invalidate not only his own 
paper but that of the person rendering the 
assistance. Each applicant must protect the 
integrity of his own manuscript. 


16 



Examination 


10. An applicant may write on one or more 
subjects at any examination, but it is recom¬ 
mended that no applicant write on more than 
five subjects on any examination day. 

11. The conductor of an examination must 
see that each manuscript handed in bears the 
writer’s correct examination number, and that 
manuscripts are grouped by subjects and a cor¬ 
rect tally made to accompany the examination 
papers. 


Note: Failure to follow this rule will 
cause extra correspondence and delay in re¬ 
porting grades. 

12. At the close of the examination all man¬ 
uscripts must be forwarded at once prepaid to 
the state superintendent for examination, 
marking, filing, and recording. Papers not 
promptly received will not be graded until a 
satisfactory explanation of the delay is fur¬ 
nished. The record of the standings of each 
applicant will be reported within thirty days to 
the county superintendent or institution where 
examination was given. 

13. All. papers are marked on the scale of 
100 per cent. The minimum for a third grade 
certificate is an average of 70 with no grade 
below 60; for the second grade an average of 
75 with no grade below 65; for a first grade an 
average of 80 with no grade below 70 in any 
subject. A certificate having an average of 85 
with no grade below 80 may be designated a 
“With Credit” certificate; one having an aver 
age of 90 with no grade below 85 a ’’With 
Honor” certificate. These minimums cannot 


17 




Reissuing Certificates 


be decreased, but may be increased by the 
county superintendent for his county. 

14. Within ten days after receiving the re¬ 
port the county superintendent shall notify 
each applicant of the result of the examina¬ 
tion. Answer papers cannot be returned to the 
applicant, but will be kept on file at the state 
department for thirty days after the report is 
made to the county superintendent for pur¬ 
poses of review when necessary. 

15. Conductors of examinations must ad¬ 
here strictly to the following program: 

First Day, a. m. Bookkeeping, civil govern¬ 
ment, orthography, mental arithmetic, penman¬ 
ship. 

First Day, p. m. Elements of agriculture, 
physiology and hygiene, blackboard drawing, 
English composition, theory and art of teach¬ 
ing. 

Second Day, a. m. Algebra, geometry, read¬ 
ing, arithmetic. 

Second Day, p. m. Botany, physics, geogra¬ 
phy, United States history, English grammar. 

REISSUING CERTIFICATES. 

1. By law not more than one permit to 
teach until the 'results of the next regular ex¬ 
amination are received can be granted by the 
county superintendent to the same person. 
The emergency certificate will only be issued 
in case of a scarcity of teachers. A third 
grade certificate cannot be reissued. 


18 



Reissuing Certificates 


2. A second grade certificate, below the 
“With Credit” requirements, may be reissued 
if the holder registers and raises grades below 
80 in at least three subjects, if there be that 
many below, and passes the required test in 
professional work for the current year; or 
earns passing grades in one first grade sub¬ 
ject and completes the required professional 
work for the current year. 

3. A second grade “With Credit” or “With 
Honor” certificate may be reissued if the 
holder registers and secures a passing grade 
in one first grade subject or presents satisfac¬ 
tory credits for eight weeks’ work in an ap¬ 
proved school, and has passed the required 
tests in professional work. 

4. A first grade certificate, below “With 
Credit” requirements, may be reissued if the 
holder registers and raises grades below 80 in 
at least four subjects, if there be that many be¬ 
low, and passes the required test in profes¬ 
sional work for the current year; or earns 
passing grades in two state certificates sub¬ 
jects and completes the required professional 
work for current year. 

5. A first grade “With Credit” or “With 
Honor” certificate may be reissued if the 
holder registers and secures a passing grade 
in one state certificate subject and has passed 
the required test in professional work each 
year the certificate has been in force. 


19 



Transferring Grades 


TRANSFERRING CERTIFICATE GRADES. 

1. If an applicant has completed the exam¬ 
ination for a desired grade and wishes to have 
the certificate issued in another county, he 
must register in the new county, pay the regu¬ 
lar fee, and secure an examination number. 
The county superintendent may then request 
the record of the applicant to be transferred 
to his county by the state department. He 
may then issue the certificate or make such ex¬ 
amination requirements as may be proper be¬ 
fore issuing it. 

2. If the applicant desires to complete his 
examination in another county he must reg¬ 
ister as above. The superintendent of the 
new county may then request all grades al¬ 
ready earned to’ be transferred to his county 
by the state department and then make the 
additional legal requirements. 

3. If the holder of an unexpired certificate 
wishes it transferred he must register in the 
new county as above. The county superin¬ 
tendent may then request the record of the 
applicant to be transferred by the state de¬ 
partment and issue the certificate. The new 
certificate must not in any case be extended 
beyond the date for the expiration of the orig¬ 
inal certificate. 

4. The holder of a county certificate grant¬ 
ed by another state desiring recognition in 
Nebraska must register as above. The Ne- 


20 



Recognition of Credentials 


braska county superintendent may request that 
all grades of 80 or above, if earned before a 
state examining board, be recorded by the 
state department and require the applicant to 
pass examination in all subjects below 80 in¬ 
cluded in the desired certificate. If the grades 
were not earned before a state examining 
beard, the applicant must take examination in 
arithmetic, reading, history, geography, and 
grammar and in all other subjects included in 
the desired certificate for which no grades are 
given. 


RECOGNITION OF CREDENTIALS FOR 
CERTIFICATES. 

1. To receive recognition for the comple¬ 
tion of the normal training course of a recog¬ 
nized high school, the applicant must register 
for examination in the regular course. He 
must complete the normal training course as 
prescribed by the state department. He must 
secure on examination passing grades in all 
certificate subjects except that the county su¬ 
perintendent may accept high school grades in 
the following subjects with scope of work as 
indicated: Algebra (3), botany (1), geometry 
(2), physics (2). agriculture (1), English (4), 
civics (1), physiology (1), and bookkeeping (1). 
The county superintendent may then issue a 
second grade certificate for one year. After 
one year’s successful teaching the applicant 
may register and receive a first grade county 
certificate if his grades meet the required 
standards. 


21 





Recognition of Credentials 


2 . To have a second grade state (ele¬ 
mentary) certificate, issued by a standard Ne¬ 
braska college, university or normal school, 
recognized in any county, the holder must 
have it recorded with the county superinten¬ 
dent, paying the fee as required by law. 

The holder of a second grade (elementary) 
state certificate may receive a first grade 
county certificate by earning passing grades on 
examination in reading, geography, grammar, 
arithmetic, and history. 

3. To have a first grade state certificate, 
issued by a standard Nebraska college, univer¬ 
sity or normal school recognized in any county, 
the holder must have it recorded with the 
county superintendent, paying the fee as re¬ 
quired by law. 

4. To receive recognition for a diploma 
from an advanced course of a standard nor¬ 
mal school in another state the holder must 
register for examination in the regular man¬ 
ner. The county superintendent may then sup¬ 
ply “A” or passing grades to be recorded by 
the state department and issue a first grade 
county certificate. 

5. To receive recognition for a college or 
university degree the holder must register for 
examination in the regular manner and furnish 
evidence of at least one year’s successful ex¬ 
perience in teaching, or evidence of twelve 
college hours in education. The county super¬ 
intendent may supply “A” or passing grades 
to be recorded by the state department then 
issue a first grade county certificate. 




Validity of Certificates 


6. To receive recognition for a college or 
university degree without a year’s experience 
and without the required professional work, the 
holder must register in the regular manner and 
secure passing grades in at least all third 
grade branches. The county superintendent 
may then issue the regular third grade county 
certificate. At the end of one year’s experi¬ 
ence Rule 5 will govern. 

7. To receive recognition for any grade of 
city state certificate the holder must register 
in the regular manner. The county superin¬ 
tendent may, if the certificate is then in force, 
request the proper transfer of grades to be 
made by the state department and issue a first 
grade county certificate. 


VALIDITY OF CERTIFICATES. 

1. The county superintendent’s permit to 
teach until the results of the next regular ex¬ 
amination are received is valid only in a speci¬ 
fied district of the county where issued. 

2. The emergency certificate granted by the 
state superintendent is valid in a specified 
district for a specified term of school, the 
holder being required to attend teachers’ exam¬ 
inations and write on such subjects as the 
county superintendent may direct. 

3. The third grade county certificate is valid 
in the county where granted and for a term not 
to exceed one year from date of issuance. 

4. The second grade county certificate is 
valid in the county where granted for a term 


23 



Validity of Certificates 


of not less than one nor more than two years 
from the date of issuance, at the discretion of 
the county superintendent. 

5. The first grade county certificate is valid 
in the county where granted for a term of not 
less than two nor more than three years from 
the date of issuance, at the discretion of the 
county superintendent. 

6. The second grade (elementary) state cer¬ 
tificate is valid for a term of not less than one 
nor more than three years, at the discretion of 
the county superintendent of the county in 
which the holder shall teach, on condition that 
the legal recording fee has been paid. 

7. The first grade state certificate, if legally 
recorded, is valid in any county in the state for 
a term of three years from the date of is¬ 
suance. 

8. The professional state certificate, if 
legally recorded, is valid in any county in the 
state for life, provided the holder does not 
permit three years to lapse without following 
some educational pursuit. To restore it to 
validity a new certificate must be issued by 
the state superintendent. 

Note: It is held by the state superinten¬ 
dent that city state certificates if recorded 
with the county superintendent, are valid in 
the high school districts. 

9. To avoid confusion and secure uniform¬ 
ity in the expiration of certificates the word 
“year” is construed to mean the school year, 
and all county certificates should he made to 
expire on the date of July 1. Illustration: A 


24 



Fees and Registration 


certificate issued in November good for one 
year should expire on July 1 following. If 
good for two years it should expire one year 
from the following July 1. 

Note: The above certificates are not valid 
in schools governed by Subd. XIV of the 
School Laws. For their use as credentials 
to obtain city certificates, see rules on rec¬ 
ognition for city state certificates. 

FEES AND REGISTRATION. 

1. The holder of a state certificate—second 
grade (elementary), first grade, or professional 
—shall, before he begins to teach in any 
county, have the same recorded in the office 
of the county superintendent of such county 
and pay the legal fee of one dollar into the 
institute fund of such county. 

2. Each applicant who is examined for a 
county certificate shall pay one dollar and fifty 
cents to the county superintendent, one dollar 
of which goes to the teachers’ institute fund 
and fifty cents to the state superinendent to 
defray the expense of examination. 

3. To register for an examination the ap¬ 
plicant must fill out the enrollment blank, pay 
the fee of $1.50, and secure an examination 
number from the conductor. For the purpose 
of identification this number, and not the name 
of the applicant, must appear on every answer 
manuscript submitted. 

4. When the examination is taken at an in¬ 
stitution designated by the state superinten¬ 
dent the applicant shall pay a fee of fifty cents 
only, to be forwarded by the conductor to the 


26 




Fees and Registration 


state superintendent. This registration and 
examination number shall convey no examina¬ 
tion or certificate rights elsewhere. The 
grades earned may be transferred to any 
county in the regular way. 

5. Should an applicant feel that an error 
has been made he may have his manuscript 
re-examined by a competent disinterested per¬ 
son, provided he forwards a fee of fifty cents 
for each subject complained of to pay for re¬ 
examination and tracing of error. Should an 
error in his favor be discovered in marking 
any subject, the fee for re-examination of such 
subject will be refunded, and the error cor¬ 
rected. 

6. A registration entitles the applicant to 
write on all subjects required for a county 
certificate of any grade, provided he writes on 
each subject in the list for the desired certifi¬ 
cate before he is permitted to register for a 
new examination number. 

7. On a new registration the applicant may 
receive credit for all passing grades earned 
on a previous registration. 

8. When writing on a subject on which he 
has failed to secure a passing grade the ap¬ 
plicant must satisfy the county superintendent 
that he has made additional preparation since 
the last failure. 

Note: The fee for the emergency certifi¬ 
cate is the same as for county certificate 
and entitles the applicant to take the pre¬ 
scribed examination. 


26 



Citg State Certificate 


REQUIREMENTS FOR CITY STATE 
CERTIFICATES. 

CLASSES: Kindergarten, Primary, Grammar, 
High School, Special Supervisor, Superin¬ 
tendent. 

GRADES OF EACH CLASS: Second Grade, 
First Grade, Professional. 

PREPARATION FOR EACH GRADE: 

I. ACADEMIC SUBJECTS—List A: Rhet¬ 
oric, Literature, Geology, Physical Geography,. 
Zoology, General History, Chemistry, and Trig¬ 
onometry. 

II. PROFESSIONAL SUBJECTS—List B: 
Psychology, Child Study, School Hygiene, The¬ 
ory of Education, School Management, History 
of Education, Industrial Education, and Moral 
Education. 

III. SPECIAL METHODS: Kindergarten, 
Primary, Grammar, High School Departments. 

IV. EXPERIENCE: Training School and 
Public School. 

Note: The above points are stated for ref¬ 
erence purposes, and the following outline 
covers the work necessary to earn a city 
certificate by examination. It also indicates 
the work that must be covered by creden¬ 
tials submitted to secure a certificate with¬ 
out examination. 


27 



Kindergarten Certificate 


KINDERGARTEN CERTIFICATE. 

I. Second Grade. Good for one year. 

1. Academic—Not less than a county first 
grade, or graduation from a four year ac¬ 
credited high school and a second grade 
county certificate. 

2. Professional—Psychology. 

3. Special—Methods of the kindergarten. 

4. Experience—One year in kindergarten 
training school, or one year as kinder¬ 
garten cadet. 

II. First Grade. Good for three years. 

1. Academic—Second grade kindergarten 
and three subjects from List A. 

2. Professional—Second grade and two ad¬ 
ditional subjects from List B. 

3. Special—Second grade and paper on kin¬ 
dergarten topic. 

4. Experience—Second grade and one year’s 
teaching. 

III. Professional. Good for life. 

1. Academic—First grade kindergarten and 
two additional subjects from List A. 

2. Professional—First grade and two addi¬ 
tional subjects from List B. 

3. Special—First grade and thesis on kin¬ 
dergarten topic. 

4. Experience—First grade and two addi¬ 
tional years’ teaching. 


28 



Primary Certificate 


PRIMARY CERTIFICATE. 

I. Second Grade. Good for one year. 

1. Academic—Not less than a county first 
grade, or graduation from a four year 
high school and a second grade county 
certificate. 

2. Professional—Psychology. 

3. Special—Primary methods. 

4. Experience—A year in training school or 
a year’s teaching. 

II. First Grade. Good for three years. 

1. Academic—Second grade primary and 
four subjects from List A. 

2. Professional—Second grade and three ad¬ 
ditional subjects from List B. 

3. Special—Second grade and paper on pri¬ 
mary topic. 

4. Experience—Second grade and one year’s 
teaching. 

III. Professional. Good for life. 

1. Academic—First grade primary and two 
additional subjects from List A. 

2. Professional—First grade and two addi¬ 
tional subjects from List B. 

3. Special—First grade and thesis on pri¬ 
mary topic. 

4. Experience—First grade and two addi¬ 
tional years’ teaching. 


29 


Grammar Certificate 


GRAMMAR CERTIFICATE. 

I. Second Grade. Good for one year. 

1. Academic first grade county and one 
subject from List A. 

2. Professional — Psychology and school 
management. 

3. Special—Grammar methods. 

4. Experience—A year in training school or 
one year of teaching. 

II. First Grade. Good for three years. 

1. Academic—Second grade grammar and 
three additional subjects from List A. 

2. Professional—Second grade and three ad¬ 
ditional subjects from List B. 

3. Special—Second grade and paper on 
grammar topic. 

4. Experience—Second grade and one addi¬ 
tional year’s teaching. 

III. Professional. Good for life. 

1. Academic—First grade grammar and all 
subjects from List A. 

2. Professional—First grade and all sub¬ 
jects from List B. 

3. Special—First grade and thesis on gram¬ 
mar topic. 

4. First grade and two additional years’ 
teaching. 

Note: A grade or departmental supervisor 
must hold the professional certificate of the 
class which includes the work to be super¬ 
vised. 


30 



High School Certificate 


HIGH SCHOOL CERTIFICATE. 

I. Second Grade. Good for one year. 

1. Academic—First grade county and six 
subjects from List A and the equivalent 
of eight college hours above the four 
year high school in the department for 
which certificate is desired. 

2. Professional — Psychology and school 
management. 

3. Special—Methods for teaching subjects 
in departments for which certificate is 
desired. 

4. Experience—A year in training school or 
one year’s teaching. 

II. First Grade. Good for three years. 

1. Academic—Second grade high school. 

2. Professional—Second grade and three ad¬ 
ditional subjects from List B. 

3. Special—Second grade and paper on high 
school topic. 

4. Experience—Second grade and one addi¬ 
tional year’s teaching in high school. 

III. Professional. Good for life. 

1. Academic—First grade high school. 

2. Professional—First grade and all sub¬ 
jects from List B. 

3. Special—First grade and thesis on high 
school topic. 

4 . Experience — First grade and two addi¬ 
tional years’ teaching in high school. 

Note: See notes 1 and 2 on page 89. 


31 



Supervisor Certificate 


SPECIAL SUPERVISOR CERTIFICATE 

I. Second Grade. Good for one year. 

1. Academic—Not less than a county first 
grade, or graduation from a four year 
high school and a second grade county 
certificate. 

2. Professional—Psychology. 

3. Special—Methods for the departments for 
which certificate is desired. 

4. Experience—One year in departmental 
training school or conservatory, or the 
equivalent. 

II. First Grade. Good for three years. 

1. Academic—Second grade supervisor and 
three subjects from List A. 

2. Professional—Second grade and two ad¬ 
ditional subjects from List B. 

3. Special—Second grade and paper on de¬ 
partmental topic. 

4. Experience—Second grade and one year’s 
teaching and supervising department. 

III. Professional. Good for life. 

1. Academic—First grade supervisor and 
two additional subjects from List A. 

2. Professional—First grade and two addi¬ 
tional subjects from List B. 

3. Special—First grade and thesis on de¬ 
partmental topic. 

4. Experience—First grade and two addi¬ 
tional years’ teaching. 

Note: The departments are Music, Manual 
Training, Domestic Science, Physical Edu¬ 
cation, Commercial, and Art. 


32 



Superintendent Certificate 


SUPERINTENDENT CERTIFICATE. 

I. First grade. Good for three years. 

1. Academic—High school professional cer¬ 
tificate. 

2. Professional—High school professional 
certificate. 

3. Special — Supervision of instruction, 
school architecture and sanitation. 

4. Experience—One year as principal of a 
school employing at least four teachers. 

II. Professional. Good for life. 

1. Academic—First grade superintendent 
certificate. 

2. Professional—First grade superintendent 
certificate. 

3. Special—First grade superintendent and 
school organization and administration, 
and thesis on administration topic. 

4. Experience—First grade and two addi¬ 
tional years as principal or superinten¬ 
dent. 

Note 1: Experience as a county superin¬ 
tendent shall be considered equivalent in 
every way to experience as a high school 
principal or superintendent. 

Note 2: The thesis or paper may be pre¬ 
pared under the direction of recognized in¬ 
stitutions, and properly reported to the state 
superintendent. 



Examination 


ISSUANCE OF CITY STATE CERTIFICATES. 

City certificates shall be granted as state 
certificates, under rules prescribed by the state 
superintendent of public instruction, and such 
certificates shall consist of six general classes 
as follows: (1) Kindergarten, (2) primary, (3) 
grammar, (4) high school, (5) special super¬ 
visor, and (6) superintendent. School Laws, 
Sec. 5, Subd. IXa. 

The rules are given under the following 
heads, and have the force of law: Examination 
for Certificates; Reissuing Certificates; Recog¬ 
nition of Credentials for Certificates; Validity 
of Certificates; Fees and Registration. 

EXAMINATION FOR CERTIFICATES. 

1. There shall be four regular examinations 
yearly in July, November, January, and March 
—as arranged for county certificates, and such 
special examinations as shall be thought advis¬ 
able by the state superintendent. 

2. These examinations shall be held in all 
cities whose schools are governed by Subd. 
XIV of the School Laws, unless it is found ad¬ 
visable to hold them at the county seat. They 
shall be conducted by the county superinten¬ 
dent, the city superintendent, or other person 
designated by the state superintendent. 

3. The examination shall be conducted, and 
the manuscripts collected and forwarded to the 


34 




Examination 


state department in the same manner as those 
of the uniform county examinations. 

4. All manuscripts shall be graded and the 
records kept and reports made in the same 
manner as for the uniform county examina¬ 
tions. 


5. The first grade county certificate, or 
state second grade (elementary) certificate, or 
the equivalent, will be taken as the minimum 
academic basis or foundation of all city state 
certificates. 

6. Examinations may be taken in the re¬ 
quired professional branches for each of the 
grades of the various classes of city certifi¬ 
cates; or the grades earned in the standard 
normal school, college or university may be 
accepted instead. 

7. To secure a grammar or high school cer¬ 
tificate by examination the applicant must pass 
in all the academic subjects (List A.) required 
in the outline for the desired grade of cer¬ 
tificate. No credits in academic subjects 
earned in an institution will be accepted unless 
the applicant is a graduate of the institution. 


8. To secure certification to teach in a de¬ 
sired department of high school work, the ap¬ 
plicant must show evidence of a least eight 
college hours’ credit (above high school 
course) in the work of the department. 


36 



Reissuing Certificates 


REISSUING CERTIFICATES. 

1. The provision of the law relative to 
teachers employed by city boards for the 
school year 1910-1911 is met by validation of 
certificates in force at the time the law was 
passed, making such certificates serve as city 
state certificates under existing restrictions as 
to duration and place. 

2. A second grade city state certificate may 
be reissued on (1) the completion of the read¬ 
ing circle work for the current year, and the 
completion of eight weeks’ summer school, or 
(2) upon passing examination in at least one 
subject counting toward a first grade city cer¬ 
tificate and the completion of the required 
reading circle work. 

3. A first grade city state certificate may 
be reissued (1) on the completion of the read¬ 
ing circle work for the year, and the comple¬ 
tion of eight weeks’ summer school, or (2) 
upon passing examination in at least two sub¬ 
jects counting toward a professional certifi¬ 
cate, and the completion of the required read¬ 
ing circle work. 

4. A professional city certificate shall lapse 
if the holder permits three years to pass with¬ 
out following some educational pursuit. 


36 



Recognition of Credentials 


RECOGNITION OF CREDENTIALS FOR 
CERTIFICATES. 

1. First Grade County Certificates. 

A first grade county certificate will be ac¬ 
cepted as academic preparation for the city 
kindergarten and primary second grade cer¬ 
tificates. It will be accepted as professional 
preparation only so far as the experience of the 
holder will justify. 

2. Second Grade (Elementary) State 
Certificate. 

A second grade (elementary) state certifi¬ 
cate will be accepted as academic preparation 
for the city kindergarten and primary second 
grade certificates. It will also be accepted as 
professional preparation for such certificates 
as the professional instruction received will 
justify. 


3. First Grade State Certificate. 

(a) A first grade state certificate issued by 
a standard normal school will be accepted as a 
satisfactory basis in every respect for the issu¬ 
ance of the city certificate of the correspond¬ 
ing class. 

(b) A first grade state certificate issued by 
the University of' Nebraska or a Nebraska 
standard college or university, will be accept¬ 
ed as a satisfactory basis in every respect for 
the issuance of the city certificate of the cor¬ 
responding class. 



Recognition of Credentials 


4. Professional State Certificates. 

(a) A professional state certificate, based 
on examination, will be accepted as academic 
preparation for a city certificate of any class, 
provided that for the high school the holder 
must show academic knowledge of at least one 
year in advance of that for which certification 
to teach is desired. It will be accepted as 
professional preparation only so far as the ex¬ 
perience of the holder will justify. 


(b) A professional state certificate, based 
upon graduation from a standard normal 
school, will be accepted as academic prepara¬ 
tion for a city certificate of any class, pro¬ 
vided that for the high school the holder must 
have had academic instruction of at least one 
year advance of the subject for which cer¬ 
tification to teach is desired. It will be ac¬ 
cepted as professional preparation for such 
class of city certificate as the professional in¬ 
struction received or the experience of the 
holder will justify. 


(c) A professional state certificate based on 
graduation from a standard college or univer¬ 
sity requiring four years’ work above a four 
year high school course will be accepted as 
academic preparation for a city certificate of 
any class. It will be accepted as professional 
preparation for such class of city certificates, 
or ? >r such departments in the high school, as 
the professional instruction received or the ex¬ 
perience of the holder will justify. 


38 



Recognition of Credentials 


5 . Experience in Teaching. 

On the high school certificate, experience in 
teaching a given subject may be accepted as 
evidence of academic preparation in that sub¬ 
ject. The applicant must submit satisfactory 
evidence of two semesters’ successful teach¬ 
ing to entitle him to one semester’s academic 
or college credit in the desired subject. If 
teaching within Nebraska his work must be 
approved by the inspector of accredited schools 
for the University of Nebraska and by the in¬ 
spector of normal training for the state de¬ 
partment. 

Note 1: The high school departments are: 
English, Latin, German, Greek, French. His¬ 
tory, Mathematics. Commerce, Political Sci¬ 
ence, Biological Science, Physical Science, 
and Normal Training. 

Note 2: The principal of a high school in 
which the city superintendent devotes less 
than half his time to teaching must hold at 
least the first grade high school certificate. 
If the principal does no teaching he must 
have the superintendent certificate. 

Note 3: A standard normal school is one 
whose requirements for graduation are based 
on the completion of the four year high 
school course above the eighth grade and 
two years’-additional work, including a thor¬ 
ough review of the common branches and 
training in a practice school. 

Note 4: A standard college or university is 
one whose requirements for graduation are 
based on the completion of the four year 
high school course above the eighth grade 
and the completion of 125 semester hours in 
which the number of class hours shall not 
exceed 20 a week. 


HU 



Validity of Certificates 


VALIDITY OF CERTIFICATES. 

1. For how long valid: The second grade 
city certificate of any class shall be good not 
to exceed one year. The first grade certificate 
of any class shall be good not to exceed three 
years. The professional certificate of any class 
shall be good for life, provided that the holder 
meets the conditions of Rule 4 under reissuing 
certificates. 

2. In what place valid: City certificates are 
compulsory in all cities whose schools are gov¬ 
erned under the provisions of Subd. XIV. City 
certificates are valid in all graded schools or¬ 
ganized under Subd. VI, provided they are reg¬ 
istered with the county superintendent. They 
may be used as credentials for first grade 
county certificates for schools organized under 
Subd. III. 

3. In what grades valid: A kindergarten 
certificate shall entitle the holder to teach in 
the kindergarten and in the first and second 
grades. A primary certificate shall entitle the 
holder to teach in any grade from the first to 
the sixth inclusive. A grammar certificate 
shall entitle the holder to teach in any grade 
from the third to the eighth inclusive. A high 
school certificate shall entitle the holder to 
teach in the seventh and eighth grades and in 
the subjects in the high school for which the 
certificate is granted. A special supervisor cer¬ 
tificate shall entitle the holder to teach and 
supervise the subjects for which it is granted 
in all grades and in the high school. A super¬ 
intendent certificate shall entitle the holder 
to supervise a city high school, or a system of 
city schools, and to teach in the high school. 


40 



Fees and Registration 


FEES AND REGISTRATION. 

1. Each applicant for a city state certificate 
shall pay a fee of one dollar to the state super¬ 
intendent to defray the expense of examina¬ 
tion and the cost of issuing the certificate. The 
fee must accompany the application. 

2. To register for an examination the appli¬ 
cant must fill out the enrollment blank, pay 
the fee of one dollar, and secure an examina¬ 
tion number from the conductor. This number 
must be preceded by the word “City” and, for 
the purpose of identification, must appear on 
every answer manuscript submitted. 

3. A registration entitles the applicant to 
write on all subjects required for a city cer¬ 
tificate of any grade, provided the work is 
completed within three years from the date of 
such registration. A new number is necessary 
for each examination date, but no additional 
fee is required if the applicant is writing on 
a subject for the first time. 

4. A fee of fifty cents must accompany each 
thesis submitted to the state superintendent by 
the holder of a professional certificate. No fee 
is required by the superintendent for the thesis 
submitted to an institution as a part of the ex¬ 
amination to earn a professional certificate. 

5. An applicant may have any manuscript 
re-examined for error in marking by the pay¬ 
ment of fifty cents for each subject. In case 
an error in his favor is discovered the fee will 
be refunded, and the error corrected. 

6. City certificates are recorded in the state 
department when issued and no additional re- 


41 




State Normal Certificates 


cording is necessary unless the holder desires 
to teach in a school governed by Subd. VI. In 
that event it must be recorded with the county 
superintendent and the legal fee paid. 

7. Each teacher employed in a school under 
Subd. XIV shall pay an annual institute fee of 
one dollar to the city superintendent not later 
than the first day of school each school year. 
This fee shall be deposited with the secretary 
of the board of education to be expended only 
for the purpose of maintaining a city teachers’ 
institute under such regulations as may be pre¬ 
scribed by the state superintendent. 

Note: The purpose of this rule is to de¬ 
velop a good system of city institutes. 


REQUIREMENTS FOR GENERAL STATE 
CERTIFICATES. 

CLASSES: Educational Institutions; State Su¬ 
perintendent of Public Instruction. 

GRADES: Elementary or Second Grade; First 
Grade; Professional. 

I. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS AND REC¬ 
OGNIZED SCHOOLS. 

Elementary or Second Grade: 

1. Completion of elementary course of Ne¬ 
braska state normal or equivalent in 
approved Nebraska school. 

2. Grades in all first grade county cer¬ 
tificate subjects. 

3. Signed by state superintendent. 


42 



Unicer ait 0 Certificates 


4 . Recorded with county superintendent. 

Note: This certificate is equivalent to the 
first grade county for all credential pur¬ 
poses. 

First Grade: 

1. Graduation from Nebraska state normal 
higher course or equivalent in approved 
Nebraska school. 

2. Signed by state superintendent. 

3. Recorded with county superintendent. 

Professional: 

1. Graduation from Nebraska state nor¬ 
mal higher course or equivalent in ap¬ 
proved Nebraska school. 

2. Three years’ experience before gradua¬ 
tion or two years after graduation, if 
from state normal school. Otherwise 
three years’ experience. 

3. Countersigned by state superintendent. 

4. Registered with county superintendent. 

II. UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA AND REC¬ 
OGNIZED COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY. 

First Grade: 

1. Degree of B. A. or B. S. from Univer¬ 
sity of Nebraska or a recognized Ne¬ 
braska college or university. 

2. Completion of University of Nebraska 
course for special training of teachers, 
or the equivalent in approved Nebras¬ 
ka college or university. 

3. Signed by the state superintendent. 

4. Recorded with county superintendent. 


43 



Other State Certificates 


Professional: 

1. Degree of B. A. or B. S. from Univer¬ 
sity of Nebraska or a Nebraska college 
or university recognized on same basis. 

2. Completion of University of Nebraska 
course for special training of teachers, 
or the equivalent. 

3. Three years’ experience teaching in the 
public schools. 

4. Countersigned by the state superin¬ 
tendent. 

5. Recorded by the county superinten¬ 
dent. 

III. STATE SUPERINTENDENT. 

Credentials from Another State: 

Holder of a professional state certificate 
from another state, at discretion of 
state superintendent. 

Normal School Credentials: 

1. Diploma from state normal school of 
another state conferring the right to 
teach for life. 

2. Recorded with county superintendent. 

College or University Credentials: 

1. Degree of B. A. or B. S. from standard 
college or university in Nebraska or 
any other state. 

2. Holder of county first grade certificate. 

3. Three years’ successful teaching in 
Nebraska public schools. 


44 



Educational Institutions 


4. Recorded with county superintendent. 

By Examination: 

1. Grades earned in chemistry, English 
literature, general history, geology, 
physical geography, plane trigonom¬ 
etry, psychology, rnetoric, and zoology. 

2. Holder of county first grade certificate. 

3. One year’s experience teaching in Ne¬ 
braska public schools. 

4. Recorded with county superintendent. 

Note: None of the above certificates are 
valid in schools governed by Subd. XIV of 
the School Laws. For qheir use as creden¬ 
tials to obtain city certificates, see rules on 
recognition for the city state certificate. 

General State Certificates. 

As the laws of Nebraska provide that state 
certificates may be issued by certain educa¬ 
tional institutions and by the state superinten¬ 
dent the rules governing their issuance come 
under two general groups: (1) Educational In¬ 
stitutions, and (2) the State Superintendent. 

Note: Rules affecting fees, recording, and 
validity have been given under County Cer¬ 
tificates. 

Educational institutions. 

The Nebraska state normal schools and other 
institutions having legal recognition to do 
equivalent work are designated by the term 
standard normal, which is defined as a school 
whose requirements for graduation are based 
on the completion of the four year high school 
course above the eighth grade and two years’ 


45 



Entrance Conditions 


additional work, including a thorough review 
of the common branches and training in a 
practice school. 

The Nebraska state university and other in¬ 
stitutions legally recognized as doing equiva¬ 
lent work are designated by the term standard 
college or university,—one whose requirements 
for graduation are based on completion of the 
four year high school course above the eighth 
grade and the completion of 125 semester 
hours, 15 of which must be in education. The 
number of class hours shall at no time exceed 
20 a week. 


General rules governing the issuance of state 
certificates by educational institutions are 
given under the following heads: Entrance 
Conditions; Graduation Requirements; Inspec¬ 
tion and Approval. 

Entrance Conditions. 

1. No one can be legally admitted to a 
standard normal school on less than two years 
of high school training, or the equivalent of 16 
high school credits. 

2. Students are eligible to enter the teach¬ 
ers’ training course of the standard normal on 
the completion of three years of high school 
work, or the equivalent of 22 high school 
credits. 

3. For admission to the regular junior year 
of a standard normal school, the student must 
present 30 credits which represent the com- 


46 




Graduation Requirements 


pletion of the four years’ course of the Ne¬ 
braska accredited high school. 

4 . Students are admitted to the lowest 
classes carried by the standard college or uni¬ 
versity on the completion of the course of the 
three years accredited high school, or the 
equivalent of from 22 to 27 high school credits. 

5. Students are eligible to enter the fresh¬ 
man year of the standard college or university 
on presentation of 30 credits, which represent 
the completion of the four years’ course of the 
Nebraska accredited high school. 

Graduation Requirements. 

1. To secure from the standard normal 
school the second grade or elementary state 
certificate, the student must have grades in all 
subjects required on the first grade county cer¬ 
tificate and must have completed the teachers’ 
training course. This certificate may be reis¬ 
sued on the completion of 24 weeks’ additional 
satisfactory work. 

2. To secure from the standard normal 
school the first grade state certificate the stu¬ 
dent must have completed the four year course 
of an accredited high school, or its equivalent, 
and two years of advanced work embracing not 
less than 50 college hours’ credit exclusive of 
drills and reviews. 

3. The first grade state certificate issued by 
the standard normal school is converted into a 
professional certificate when countersigned by 
the state superintendent on evidence of at least 
three years’ successful teaching experience on 
the part of the holder. 


47 



Inspection and Approval 


4 . To secure from the standard college or 
university the first grade state certificate the 
student must have completed the four year 
course of an accredited high school, or its 
equivalent, and must have earned 125 college 
hours’ credit, 15 of which must have been 
taken in education as required in the teachers’ 
college of the University of Nebraska. 

5. The first grade state certificate issued 
by the standard college or university is con¬ 
verted into a professional certificate when 
countersigned by the state superintendent on 
evidence of at least three years’ successful 
teaching experience on the part of the holder. 

Inspection and Approval. 

1. All applications for certificates from ap¬ 
proved normal schools must, by law, be passed 
upon and approved by the state board of in¬ 
spectors. The state board of education has 
ruled that certificates and diplomas issued by 
the state normal schools must pass the same 
inspection. 

2. The law requires that all applications for 
certificates from approved colleges and univer¬ 
sities must secure the approval of the state 
board of inspectors. The regents of the Uni¬ 
versity of Nebraska require applications for 
certificates from the Teachers’ College to pass 
the same inspection. 

3. As a further safeguard ail certificates is¬ 
sued by educational institutions authorized to 
issue them must also receive the signature of 
the state superintendent of public instruction. 


48 



Examination 


The State Superintendent. 

The law authorizes the state superinten¬ 
dent of public instruction to issue professional 
state certificates based on: Credentials, and 
Examination. 

Credentials. 

1. A professional state certificate, good for 
life, issued in another state with which there is 
established reciprocal relations as provided for 
by the Salt Lake City conference, may be ac¬ 
cepted as a satisfactory credential for the is¬ 
suance of the corresponding certificate in Ne¬ 
braska. 

2. A diploma or certificate issued by a 
standard normal school, college or university 
in another state, which entitles the holder to 
teach for life, may be accepted as a satisfac¬ 
tory credential for the issuance of the equiva¬ 
lent certificate in Nebraska. 

Examination. 

The holder of a Nebraska first grade county 
certificate who has taught one year with suc¬ 
cess in the public schools of this state, may 
secure the professional state certificate by 
earning grades on examination in chemistry, 
English literature, general history, geology, 
physical geography, plane trigonometry, psy¬ 
chology, rhetoric, and zoology. The same rules 
govern as in examination for city state certifi¬ 
cates. 

Note: There must always be the two kinds 
of certificates: those issued on examination, 
and those issued upon the completion of a 
prescribed course of study. Teachers are 
urged to continue their education in normal 
schools, colleges and universities, and to se¬ 
cure the institutional certificate wherever 
possible. These institutions will promptly 
send catalogues and furnish any desired in¬ 
formation. 


49 




Reciprocal Relations 


RECIPROCAL RELATIONS ESTABLISHED 
BY THE SALT LAKE CITY 
CONFERENCE. 

The conference of the chief state school of¬ 
ficers of the north-central and western states 
adopted the following principles governing the 
recognition of diplomas from standard colleges 
and univer ities situated in other states, and of 
certificates issued in other states. 

Recognition of Diplomas and Certificates. 

Diplomas or certificates subject to interstate 
recognition shall enjoy the same privileges as 
similar certificates or diplomas in the state 
wherein recognition is sought. 

RECOGNITION OF CREDITS SECURED 
UPON EXAMINATION BY STATE 
AUTHORITIES. 

Credits shall be accepted when secured in 
accordance with the following requirements: 

1. Credits obtained by examination for the 
corresponding grade of certificate, provided the 
examination questions are prepared and an¬ 
swer papers graded by the state department of 
education, shall be accepted subject for sub¬ 
ject. Provided: That the passing standing 
shall not be less than 80 per cent in any sub¬ 
ject; provided further, that in determining the 
corresponding grade of certificate this recogni¬ 
tion of credits shall apply to any certificate re- 


50 




Reciprocal Relations 


gardless of territorial restrictions in the state 
wherein the certificate was issued. 

2. Equivalent credits for any subject or sub¬ 
jects may be accepted at the discretion of the 
proper authority of the state wherein recogni¬ 
tion is sought. 

3. Credits for successful experience may be 
allowed in accordance with the regulations in 
force in the state where recognition is sought. 

RECOGNITION OF DIPLOMAS OR CERTIFI¬ 
CATES FROM STANDARD NORMAL 
SCHOOLS. 

By a standard normal school is meant a 
school meeting the following requirements: 

1. For entrance, four years’ work above the 
eighth grade in an accredited secondary 
school. 

2. For graduation therefrom, two years’ ad¬ 
ditional work, including a thorough review of 
the common branches and training in a prac¬ 
tice school. 

3. The maintenance of a well equipped 
training school for observation and practice, 
such school to cover work in the eight ele¬ 
mentary grades. 

4. The total attendance in the secondary 
school and in the normal school shall be 21G 
weeks above the eighth grade, provided, that 
any normal school may accept satisfactory 
credits covering twenty weeks’ work above the 
eighth grade. 


51 



Reciprocal Relations 


RECOGNITION OF DIPLOMAS FROM 
STANDARD COLLEGES AND 
UNIVERTITIES. 

A diploma from a standard college or univer¬ 
sity granted upon the completion of a 120 hour 
course including 15 hours in education shall be 
recognized. 

Definition of a standard college or univer¬ 
sity. To be considered a standard college, all 
of the following conditions must be fully met: 

1. The completion of a four year secondary 
course above the eighth grade shall be required 
for college entrance. 

2. The completion of 120 semester hours 
shall be required for graduation. 

3. The number of class hours for the heads 
of departments and for students shall not 
exceed 20 a week. 

4. A faculty properly qualified shall consist 
entirely of graduates of standard colleges and 
each head of a department shall hold at least 
a master’s degree from a standard college or 
have attained eminent success as a teacher, 
which success shall be determined by the chief 
state school officer of the state in which the 
institution is located. 

5. The library shall consist of at least 5,000 
volumes, selected with reference to college 
subjects and exclusive of public documents. 


52 



Reciprocal Relations 


6. The laboratory equipment shall be suf¬ 
ficient to establish efficient laboratories in all 
laboratory courses offered. 

7. The means of support is defined as re¬ 
quiring a permanent endowment of not less 
than $200,000, or an assured fixed annual in¬ 
come exclusive of tuition of at least $10,000; 
provided that this requirement shall not be 
mandatory until five years after the institution 
has been recognized. The college must main¬ 
tain at least seven separate departments or 
chairs in the arts and sciences. In case the. 
pedagogical work of the institution is to be 
accepted for certification, the college must 
maintain at least eight chairs, one of which 
shall be devoted exclusively to education or at 
least to philosophy, including psychology and 
education. The head of each department shall, 
in no case, devote less than three-fifths of his 
time to college work. 


Note: The rules governing the issuance of 
certificates in Nebraska carry out the above 
principles and suggestions. 


63 



Reading Circle Work 


RECOGNITION OF READING CIRCLE WORK 

1. A vital connection is made between the 
reading circle work and certification. For the 
year 1911-1912, the County Superintendent may 
allow five per cent to be added to the grade in 
Theory and Art or Reading on Colgrove’s The 
Teacher and the School; five per cent to be 
added to the grade in History on Hoyt’s His¬ 
tory of Education or on Winship’s Great Amer¬ 
ican Educators; five per cent to be added to the 
grade in English Composition on Cabot’s Ethics 
for Children. Raising a grade by means of 
reading circle credits counts the same in reis¬ 
suing a certificate as raising the grade on ex¬ 
amination. 

2. The State Superintendent gives additional 
recognition for reading circle work by provid¬ 
ing an examination at the end of every year in 
each reading circle subject. For the school 
year 1911-1912 one examination in Theory of 
Education will be based on the reading circle 
work of the year in Colgrove’s The Teacher 
and the School; one examination in History of 
Education will be based on Hoyt’s History of 
Education; one examination in General History 
in which six of the questions will be based on 
Winship’s Great American Educators. Grades 
made in this examination will be recorded at 
the State Department, to be placed on thq city 
state certificate when desired. 

3. The following is assigned as a topic for 
the “papers” required for the first grade city 


54 





f 

Reading Circle Work 


certificates: Teaching morals and manners in 

the.grades. Replace the dash with 

kindergarten, primary, grammar or high school, 
depending on the certificate desired. The 
paper may be based largely on Cabot’s Ethics 
for Children, and should contain more than a 
thousand words. The paper may be sent in 
as a part of the examination, or the work may 
be done under the direction of the county or 
city superintendent, college or normal school, 
and the grade submitted by the proper author¬ 
ity. Candidates have the privilege, however, 
of writing on other topics instead of the one 
assigned. 

4. Students and others preparing to teach, 
who do the reading circle work as outlined, 
may have the same recognition of grades on 
their certificates as those who are teaching. 

5. See the reading circle bulletin for more 
complete outlines and suggestions. The rules 
in this bulletin supersede the rules in the read¬ 
ing circle bulletin on reissuing certificates. 

6. The County Superintendent has a legal 
right to refuse to reissue a certificate to any 
teacher who has failed to do the required read¬ 
ing circle work. At present each county super¬ 
intendent determines for himself the lowest 
amount of reading circle work he will accept 
as meeting the legal requirements for his 
county. 


55 







Recognized Schools 


STANDARD COLLEGES AND NORMAL 
SCHOOLS IN NEBRASKA 
1911 

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA. 

PERU STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 

KEARNEY STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 

WAYNE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 

CHADRON STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 

NEBRASKA WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. 

DOANE COLLEGE. 

CREIGHTON UNIVERSITY. 

HASTINGS COLLEGE. 

GRAND ISLAND COLLEGE. 

BELLEVUE COLLEGE. 

YORK COLLEGE. 

FREMONT NORMAL SCHOOL. 

DANA COLLEGE. 

LUTHER COLLEGE. 

TEMPORARY PERMIT. 

The temporary permit given by the county 
superintendent should be worded as follows: 

“Temporary Permit. 

This certifies that I believe. 

has the necessary qualifications to teach and 

that I hereby give.permission to teach 

in district.of. 

county until the results of the next regular 
examination ars received. This permit be¬ 
comes invalid at once if the holder fails in the 
examination. 

Date. 


County Superintendent. 










CONTENTS. 


Page 


Employment of Teachers— 

Qualified teachers. 9 

Election of teachers. 10 

Contracts with teachers. 11 

County Certificates— 

Emergency and third grade. 13 

Second and first grade. 14 

Examination for. 15 

Reissuing . 18 

Transferring grades. 20 

Recognition of credentials. 21 

Validity of. 23 

Fees and registration. 25 

City State Certificates— 

Kindergarten, Primary, Grammar. 28 

High school. 31 

Special supervisor. 32 

Superintendent. 33 

Examination for. 34 

Reissuing . 36 

Recognition of credentials. 37 

Validity of. 40 

Fees and registration. 41 

General State Certificates— 

Elementary . 42 

First grade and professional. 43 

College and normal school. 44 

By examination. 45 

Institutional regulations. 45 

Inspection and approval. 48 

Reciprocal relations. 50 

Reading Circle Credits. 54 

Recognized Colleges and Normal Schools... 57 


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